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IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Myth & Reality
Ideology may be the most difficult, but the most often used concept in the social sciences,and one that has endless sub meanings in both academic and every day discussion.
1
Theconcept of ideology in commonly traced back to French Philosopher Autoine Destull DeTracy who is thought to be the first to the term in print.
2
He
used the used the wordideologies during French Revolution and defined it as the science of ideas meaningthereby as the study of the origin, evolution and nature of ideas.
3
Modern ideologies in the contemporary world signify certain values, norms, objectives,goals, institutions and structure. Ideologies portray consistent program, line of action and provide dynamism and inspiration for putting these into executive. An ideology bears potentialities to meet the needs of the changing circumstances and capability of adaptation and adjustment.
4
The need for an ideology arises out of men compulsivestriving to give some sort of structure and meaning to his experience. Beyond life’sapparent uncertainty and chaos he seeks some sort of scheme, a plan, and an order.Ideology provides man with the means to do so by giving him approved models of action,goals, ideals and values.
5
Pakistan’s Ideological Foundation
Ideology Keeping in view the ideological dimensions, it is clear that every nation statehas her own which provides objectives, vision and justification to the nation state. Nodoubt, Pakistan was achieved on the basis of Two Nation Theory; the propelling sloganduring the struggle for Pakistan was to establish a distinct identity of Muslim as a nation.Islam was used as a motivating force to rally the Muslim to the cause of Pakistan
politically. And the method to achieve the goal was not a religious movement but political struggle
.6
Quaid-i-Azam and Ideology of Pakistan
Of the great people in history there have been some who created their own place andgrand tradition of leadership, which reflected their special genius. To their class belongsQuaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. He did not have greatnessthrust upon him; he achieved greatness through the cultivation of his talents and facultiesand the building up of a character marked by sincerely, honestly, hard work and devotionMuslim’s cause.
7
Quaid-i-Azam, the father of Pakistan, was a realist who never permitted his vision to beobscured by emotionalism. He was an ardent Muslim. He was a state man and a trueleader who always spoke in simple and straightforward manner. Some of his significantqualities were his independence of thought, courage, integrity, ability and perseverance.
8
Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah envisioned Pakistan as a modern democratic stateto be run strictly on the basis of merit and where all citizens will be equal before the law.Jinnah’s Ideas about what the new state should be like were very clear, as can be sear from his speeches and statements. Before the establishment of Pakistan, the first public picture if Pakistan that Jinnah gave to the world was in the course of an interview in NewDelhi (1946) with the correspondent of Reuter’s news agency the new state would bemodern democratic state, with sovereignty having equal rights of citizenship, regardlessof their religious, caste and creed.
9
Hence the first element of the ideology of Pakistan as laid down by Quaid-i-Azam is thatPakistan is an ideological state not theocratic state. February 19,1948.Quaid-I-Azam proclaimed: “Make no mistake Pakistan is not a theocracy or anything like it. Islamdepends from us the tolerance of other creeds and we welcome in closest association with
us all those who of whatever creed are themselves willing to play their part as true andloyal citizens of Pakistan.”
10
On another occasion Jinnah categorically states: The great majority of us are Muslims.We follow the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). We are members of the brotherhood of Islam in which all are in equal right, dignity and self-respect.Consequently, we have a special and a very deep sense of unity. But make no mistake:Pakistan is not a theocracy or anything like it.”
11
August 11,1947. Jinnah, in his memorable speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan stated the principle on which the new state was to be founded. He said: “Youmay belong to any religion or caste or creed – that has nothing to do with the business of the state…We are starting with this fundamental principle that we are citizens of onestate… in the course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would ceaseto be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of the eachindividual, but in the political sense as citizens of the state.”
12
Pakistan is a result of democratic political movement; it is great reality that after passinghistoric Lahore Resolution, Quaid-i-Azam Struggled to get the support from Muslims onthe question of Pakistan; fruits came when All India Muslim League showed remarkablevictory in the election of 1945-46.Hence the second element of Ideology of Pakistan isdemocracy.In February 1948,in his broadcast speech to the people of the United States, Mr.Jinnahsaid: The constitution of Pakistan has yet to be framed by the Pakistan ConstituentAssembly. I do not know what the ultimate shape of this constitution is going to be, but Iam sure that it will be of a democratic type, embodying the essential principles of Islam.Today they are as applicable in actual life as they were thirteen years ago. Islam and itsidealism have taught us democracy. It has taught equality of men, justice and fair play toeverybody. We are the inheritors of these glorious traditions and are fully alive to our responsibilities and obligations as framers of the future constitution of Pakistan. In anycase Pakistan is not going to be theocratic state to be ruled by priests with a divinemission. We have many non-Muslims i.e. Hindus, Christians And Parsis …but they areall Pakistanis. They will enjoy the same rights and privileges as any other citizen and will play their rightful part in the affairs of Pakistan.
Earlier, in1943, Jinnah in his presidential address to the Delhi session of the AllIndia Muslim League said: I have no doubt in my mind that a large body of us visualizesPakistan as people’s government. It will be a people’s government. Here I should like togive a warning to the landlords and capitalists who have flourished at our expense by asystem which is no vicious, which is no wicked and which makes so selfish that it isdifficult to reason with them. The exploitation of masses has gone into their blood. Theyhave forgotten the lesson of Islam. Do you visualize that millions have been exploitedand cannot get one meal a day? If that is the idea of Pakistan, I would not have it.”
14
Federalism is the Third element of Ideology of Pakistan. As it is consideredthe best form of state in which federating units enjoy the maximum autonomy withconstitutional guarantee; especially this system is very beneficial for the states havingmulti lingual, multi ethnic and multi cultural and diverse geographical entities. Quaid-I-Azam realized the stratification and geographical distance between the country populations. It is, therefore, projected the federal form of state. He said: The theory of Pakistan guarantees that federating units of the national government would have all theautonomy that you will find in the constitutions of the United States of America, Canadaand Australia. …But certain vital powers will remain vested in the central governmentsuch as the monetary system, national defense and other federal responsibilities. Eachfederal state or province would have its own legislative, executive and judicial systems,each of the three branches of the government being constitutionally separate.”
15
Islam provides ideals and tools for the edifice of economic system. Thissystem is based on balanced economic order alongwith protection human rights. This isthe Fourth element of The Ideology of Pakistan.Quaid-I-Azam fully realized that there was no room for exploitation and making society:the economic system of the West has created almost insoluble problems for humanity andto many of us it appears that only a miracle can solve it from the disaster that is nowfacing the world. It has failed to do justice between man and man, and to eradicatefriction from the international field. On the contrary, it was largely responsible for theworld wars in the last half century. The Western world, in spite of its advantages of mechanization and industrial efficiency, is today in a worse mess than ever before in
history. The adoption of Western economic theory and practice will not help us inachieving our goals of creating a happy and contented people.”
16
On March 19,1944.Mr.Jinnah categorically stated: I warn thecommunists to keep their hands off Muslims ……Islam is the guide and complete codefor their life. They do not want any isms.”
17
In his speech at the opening ceremony of the State Bank of Pakistan onJuly 01,1948,he proclaimed: We must work our destiny in our own way and present tothe world an economic system based on true Islamic concepts of equality of man andsocial justice. We will thereby be fulfilling our mission as Muslims and giving thehumanity message of peace which alone can save it and would secure the welfare,happiness and prosperity of mankind.”
18
The fifth element of the Ideology of Pakistan is the strong defense. Armed forces play important role in nation building. They are responsible of national security and playactive and effective role during the course of national and natural calamities anddisasters. Quaid-I-Azam was firm believer of strong defense and professional ArmedForces.In his Address to the 2-15 Punjab Machine Gun Regiment, Peshawar, onApril15, 1948,he said: I am confident that you will live up to your traditions when youare called upon to defend your country and the safety and security of your nation. Youwill, I am sure, hold aloft the banner of Pakistan and maintains its honour and prestige asa great nation.”
19
In his famous address to the Officer of Staff College Quetta, on June14,1948,Quaid-I-Azam explained the responsibilities of the defense forces. He said: I havegathered that the spirit of the Army is splendid, the morale is very high and what is veryencouraging is that every officer and soldier, no matter what the race or community towhich he belongs is working as a true Pakistani.”
20
The sixth element of the Ideology of Pakistan is Foreign Policy of friendliness on equality basis. The basic tenets of the foreign policy of the new state of Pakistan were outlined by the Quaid-I-Azam on August15; 1947:Our objective should be peace within and peace without. We want to live peacefully and maintain cordial andfriendly relations with our immediate neighbors and with world at large. We have no
aggressive designs against any one we stand by the United Nations Charter and willgladly make our contribution to the peace and prosperity of the world.
21
Prefiguring the doctrine of non-alignment, the Quaid-I-Azam, in his broadcast talk to the people of the United States of America in Febuary1948 said: Our foreign policy isone of friendliness and goodwill towards all the nations of the world. We do not cherishaggressive designs against any country or nation. We believe in the principle of honestyand fair play in national and international dealings, and are prepared to make our contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity among the nations of the world.Pakistan will never be found lacking in extending its material and moral support to theoppressed and suppressed people of the world and in upholding the principles of theUnited Nations Charter.”
22
Conclusion:
Ideology is set of ideas that reflect the course of action and vision of the state. NoDoubt, Pakistan movement became a national movement on the basis of two-nationtheory. It was the sole stand of the founder of Pakistan that Muslims are a separate nationand due to the political and constitution crisis, there is possibility of denial of themuslims’rights. Therefore, separate Muslim state was inevitable. There is why Quaid-I-Azam envisioned Pakistan modern Muslim democratic state.
References:
1.David Robertson, The Penguin Dictionary Of Politics, (Penguin Books Ltd,Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1985), P.153.2.Adam Kuper, The Social Sciences Encyclopedia, (Services book Club, 1989),P.375.3.M.Ikram Rabbani, A Comprehensive Book Of Pakistan Studies,(The3Caravan Book House, Karachi Road,Lahore,Pakistan,2004),P.1.4.Abbas Rashid, Pakistan: The Ideological Dimension, ed, (Zeb Book Ltd, 57the Caledonian Road, London, England, 1985),P.69.5.Dr.Javed Iqbal, Ideology of Pakistan, (Ferozsons ltd, Lahore, Pakistan, 1971),PP.1-11.
6.Muhammad Farooq Shamim, Jinnah Always Opposed Theocracy,(AnArticle, Daily Dawn,Islamabad,Pakistan),march06,2004.7.Faisal Zahid Malik, Some Aspect Of Quaid’s great Leadership,(An Article of Daily Pakistan Observer),March23,2004.8.S.Razi Wasti, Quaid-I-Azam: founder of State, Pakistan Journal Of history &Culture,(Vol.xii,Nos1-2,Islamabad,Pakistan,1991)P.75.9.Muhammad Farooq Shamim, Op.cit.10.Ibid.11.Ibid12.Ibid13.Ahmed Bashir, The So-Called Ideological base-II, (The Daily Frontier Post,Peshawar, Pakistan) June16, 1994.14.S.M.Burke, Quaid-I- Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, His Personality and hisPolitics, (Oxford university Press, Karachi, Pakistan1997), P.17.15.Op.cit16.Dr.Javed Iqbal, Op.cit.17.Ibid.18.Ibid19.Ibid.20.Anwar Shafique Naqvi, Quaid-I-Azam &Armed forces, Op.cit, P.177.21.Ibid.22.Syed Rifaat Hussain, Quaid-I-Azam& Pakistan foreign Policy, Op.cit, P.139.
Myth & Reality
Ideology may be the most difficult, but the most often used concept in the social sciences,and one that has endless sub meanings in both academic and every day discussion.
1
Theconcept of ideology in commonly traced back to French Philosopher Autoine Destull DeTracy who is thought to be the first to the term in print.
2
He
used the used the wordideologies during French Revolution and defined it as the science of ideas meaningthereby as the study of the origin, evolution and nature of ideas.
3
Modern ideologies in the contemporary world signify certain values, norms, objectives,goals, institutions and structure. Ideologies portray consistent program, line of action and provide dynamism and inspiration for putting these into executive. An ideology bears potentialities to meet the needs of the changing circumstances and capability of adaptation and adjustment.
4
The need for an ideology arises out of men compulsivestriving to give some sort of structure and meaning to his experience. Beyond life’sapparent uncertainty and chaos he seeks some sort of scheme, a plan, and an order.Ideology provides man with the means to do so by giving him approved models of action,goals, ideals and values.
5
Pakistan’s Ideological Foundation
Ideology Keeping in view the ideological dimensions, it is clear that every nation statehas her own which provides objectives, vision and justification to the nation state. Nodoubt, Pakistan was achieved on the basis of Two Nation Theory; the propelling sloganduring the struggle for Pakistan was to establish a distinct identity of Muslim as a nation.Islam was used as a motivating force to rally the Muslim to the cause of Pakistan
politically. And the method to achieve the goal was not a religious movement but political struggle
.6
Quaid-i-Azam and Ideology of Pakistan
Of the great people in history there have been some who created their own place andgrand tradition of leadership, which reflected their special genius. To their class belongsQuaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. He did not have greatnessthrust upon him; he achieved greatness through the cultivation of his talents and facultiesand the building up of a character marked by sincerely, honestly, hard work and devotionMuslim’s cause.
7
Quaid-i-Azam, the father of Pakistan, was a realist who never permitted his vision to beobscured by emotionalism. He was an ardent Muslim. He was a state man and a trueleader who always spoke in simple and straightforward manner. Some of his significantqualities were his independence of thought, courage, integrity, ability and perseverance.
8
Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah envisioned Pakistan as a modern democratic stateto be run strictly on the basis of merit and where all citizens will be equal before the law.Jinnah’s Ideas about what the new state should be like were very clear, as can be sear from his speeches and statements. Before the establishment of Pakistan, the first public picture if Pakistan that Jinnah gave to the world was in the course of an interview in NewDelhi (1946) with the correspondent of Reuter’s news agency the new state would bemodern democratic state, with sovereignty having equal rights of citizenship, regardlessof their religious, caste and creed.
9
Hence the first element of the ideology of Pakistan as laid down by Quaid-i-Azam is thatPakistan is an ideological state not theocratic state. February 19,1948.Quaid-I-Azam proclaimed: “Make no mistake Pakistan is not a theocracy or anything like it. Islamdepends from us the tolerance of other creeds and we welcome in closest association with
us all those who of whatever creed are themselves willing to play their part as true andloyal citizens of Pakistan.”
10
On another occasion Jinnah categorically states: The great majority of us are Muslims.We follow the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). We are members of the brotherhood of Islam in which all are in equal right, dignity and self-respect.Consequently, we have a special and a very deep sense of unity. But make no mistake:Pakistan is not a theocracy or anything like it.”
11
August 11,1947. Jinnah, in his memorable speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan stated the principle on which the new state was to be founded. He said: “Youmay belong to any religion or caste or creed – that has nothing to do with the business of the state…We are starting with this fundamental principle that we are citizens of onestate… in the course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would ceaseto be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of the eachindividual, but in the political sense as citizens of the state.”
12
Pakistan is a result of democratic political movement; it is great reality that after passinghistoric Lahore Resolution, Quaid-i-Azam Struggled to get the support from Muslims onthe question of Pakistan; fruits came when All India Muslim League showed remarkablevictory in the election of 1945-46.Hence the second element of Ideology of Pakistan isdemocracy.In February 1948,in his broadcast speech to the people of the United States, Mr.Jinnahsaid: The constitution of Pakistan has yet to be framed by the Pakistan ConstituentAssembly. I do not know what the ultimate shape of this constitution is going to be, but Iam sure that it will be of a democratic type, embodying the essential principles of Islam.Today they are as applicable in actual life as they were thirteen years ago. Islam and itsidealism have taught us democracy. It has taught equality of men, justice and fair play toeverybody. We are the inheritors of these glorious traditions and are fully alive to our responsibilities and obligations as framers of the future constitution of Pakistan. In anycase Pakistan is not going to be theocratic state to be ruled by priests with a divinemission. We have many non-Muslims i.e. Hindus, Christians And Parsis …but they areall Pakistanis. They will enjoy the same rights and privileges as any other citizen and will play their rightful part in the affairs of Pakistan.
Earlier, in1943, Jinnah in his presidential address to the Delhi session of the AllIndia Muslim League said: I have no doubt in my mind that a large body of us visualizesPakistan as people’s government. It will be a people’s government. Here I should like togive a warning to the landlords and capitalists who have flourished at our expense by asystem which is no vicious, which is no wicked and which makes so selfish that it isdifficult to reason with them. The exploitation of masses has gone into their blood. Theyhave forgotten the lesson of Islam. Do you visualize that millions have been exploitedand cannot get one meal a day? If that is the idea of Pakistan, I would not have it.”
14
Federalism is the Third element of Ideology of Pakistan. As it is consideredthe best form of state in which federating units enjoy the maximum autonomy withconstitutional guarantee; especially this system is very beneficial for the states havingmulti lingual, multi ethnic and multi cultural and diverse geographical entities. Quaid-I-Azam realized the stratification and geographical distance between the country populations. It is, therefore, projected the federal form of state. He said: The theory of Pakistan guarantees that federating units of the national government would have all theautonomy that you will find in the constitutions of the United States of America, Canadaand Australia. …But certain vital powers will remain vested in the central governmentsuch as the monetary system, national defense and other federal responsibilities. Eachfederal state or province would have its own legislative, executive and judicial systems,each of the three branches of the government being constitutionally separate.”
15
Islam provides ideals and tools for the edifice of economic system. Thissystem is based on balanced economic order alongwith protection human rights. This isthe Fourth element of The Ideology of Pakistan.Quaid-I-Azam fully realized that there was no room for exploitation and making society:the economic system of the West has created almost insoluble problems for humanity andto many of us it appears that only a miracle can solve it from the disaster that is nowfacing the world. It has failed to do justice between man and man, and to eradicatefriction from the international field. On the contrary, it was largely responsible for theworld wars in the last half century. The Western world, in spite of its advantages of mechanization and industrial efficiency, is today in a worse mess than ever before in
history. The adoption of Western economic theory and practice will not help us inachieving our goals of creating a happy and contented people.”
16
On March 19,1944.Mr.Jinnah categorically stated: I warn thecommunists to keep their hands off Muslims ……Islam is the guide and complete codefor their life. They do not want any isms.”
17
In his speech at the opening ceremony of the State Bank of Pakistan onJuly 01,1948,he proclaimed: We must work our destiny in our own way and present tothe world an economic system based on true Islamic concepts of equality of man andsocial justice. We will thereby be fulfilling our mission as Muslims and giving thehumanity message of peace which alone can save it and would secure the welfare,happiness and prosperity of mankind.”
18
The fifth element of the Ideology of Pakistan is the strong defense. Armed forces play important role in nation building. They are responsible of national security and playactive and effective role during the course of national and natural calamities anddisasters. Quaid-I-Azam was firm believer of strong defense and professional ArmedForces.In his Address to the 2-15 Punjab Machine Gun Regiment, Peshawar, onApril15, 1948,he said: I am confident that you will live up to your traditions when youare called upon to defend your country and the safety and security of your nation. Youwill, I am sure, hold aloft the banner of Pakistan and maintains its honour and prestige asa great nation.”
19
In his famous address to the Officer of Staff College Quetta, on June14,1948,Quaid-I-Azam explained the responsibilities of the defense forces. He said: I havegathered that the spirit of the Army is splendid, the morale is very high and what is veryencouraging is that every officer and soldier, no matter what the race or community towhich he belongs is working as a true Pakistani.”
20
The sixth element of the Ideology of Pakistan is Foreign Policy of friendliness on equality basis. The basic tenets of the foreign policy of the new state of Pakistan were outlined by the Quaid-I-Azam on August15; 1947:Our objective should be peace within and peace without. We want to live peacefully and maintain cordial andfriendly relations with our immediate neighbors and with world at large. We have no
aggressive designs against any one we stand by the United Nations Charter and willgladly make our contribution to the peace and prosperity of the world.
21
Prefiguring the doctrine of non-alignment, the Quaid-I-Azam, in his broadcast talk to the people of the United States of America in Febuary1948 said: Our foreign policy isone of friendliness and goodwill towards all the nations of the world. We do not cherishaggressive designs against any country or nation. We believe in the principle of honestyand fair play in national and international dealings, and are prepared to make our contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity among the nations of the world.Pakistan will never be found lacking in extending its material and moral support to theoppressed and suppressed people of the world and in upholding the principles of theUnited Nations Charter.”
22
Conclusion:
Ideology is set of ideas that reflect the course of action and vision of the state. NoDoubt, Pakistan movement became a national movement on the basis of two-nationtheory. It was the sole stand of the founder of Pakistan that Muslims are a separate nationand due to the political and constitution crisis, there is possibility of denial of themuslims’rights. Therefore, separate Muslim state was inevitable. There is why Quaid-I-Azam envisioned Pakistan modern Muslim democratic state.
References:
1.David Robertson, The Penguin Dictionary Of Politics, (Penguin Books Ltd,Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1985), P.153.2.Adam Kuper, The Social Sciences Encyclopedia, (Services book Club, 1989),P.375.3.M.Ikram Rabbani, A Comprehensive Book Of Pakistan Studies,(The3Caravan Book House, Karachi Road,Lahore,Pakistan,2004),P.1.4.Abbas Rashid, Pakistan: The Ideological Dimension, ed, (Zeb Book Ltd, 57the Caledonian Road, London, England, 1985),P.69.5.Dr.Javed Iqbal, Ideology of Pakistan, (Ferozsons ltd, Lahore, Pakistan, 1971),PP.1-11.
6.Muhammad Farooq Shamim, Jinnah Always Opposed Theocracy,(AnArticle, Daily Dawn,Islamabad,Pakistan),march06,2004.7.Faisal Zahid Malik, Some Aspect Of Quaid’s great Leadership,(An Article of Daily Pakistan Observer),March23,2004.8.S.Razi Wasti, Quaid-I-Azam: founder of State, Pakistan Journal Of history &Culture,(Vol.xii,Nos1-2,Islamabad,Pakistan,1991)P.75.9.Muhammad Farooq Shamim, Op.cit.10.Ibid.11.Ibid12.Ibid13.Ahmed Bashir, The So-Called Ideological base-II, (The Daily Frontier Post,Peshawar, Pakistan) June16, 1994.14.S.M.Burke, Quaid-I- Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, His Personality and hisPolitics, (Oxford university Press, Karachi, Pakistan1997), P.17.15.Op.cit16.Dr.Javed Iqbal, Op.cit.17.Ibid.18.Ibid19.Ibid.20.Anwar Shafique Naqvi, Quaid-I-Azam &Armed forces, Op.cit, P.177.21.Ibid.22.Syed Rifaat Hussain, Quaid-I-Azam& Pakistan foreign Policy, Op.cit, P.139.
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